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Your king on a3 is in check from the bishop on f8. When you are in check, you must move your king, capture the checking piece, or interpose a piece to block the check.

Do you mean what rules have been changed the most recently? FIDE, the international federation of chess, just changed some rules four days ago (2014 July 1). …

No. Check is check, even if the checking piece cannot legally move. There is extensive discussion of this in the answers to the question illegal (?) move can put a king in check?.

The USCF rules are similar. As you surmised, the rule is there to avoid distracting the opponent. In my experience in USCF tournaments, the rule is generally followed. …

You may stop the clock if the piece that you wish to promote to is not at hand: 6.12.b. A player may stop the chessclock only in order to seek the arbiter’s assistance, for example when promotion …

The promoted piece replaces the pawn on the square that the pawn moved to (the 8th rank for White, the 1st rank for Black). From the FIDE Laws of Chess, (emphasis mine): 3.7.e. When a player, hav …

FIDE Laws of Chess: 3.8.b.1. The right to castle has been lost: a) if the king has already moved, or b) with a rook that has already moved. Emphasis mine.

Once you have promoted your pawn do you get a second move to move it out of danger? No. Or do you still only get the promotion as your move and it becomes the opponents move? Yes. From …

The FIDE Laws of Chess, in section 11.3.a, say, "During play the players are forbidden to use any notes". As for why they forbid notes entirely, as opposed to, say, allowing motivational statements w …

The fraction of all six-man positions that are unreachable from the starting position is very, very small. Removing them would have a tiny effect on the size of a six-man database. Here is an example …

No, this rule does not exist in chess.

Each player has a white square on their near right corner. The queen goes on the square of her own color; as a result, the kings and queens face each other. rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBN …

In tournament chess, you cannot take back a move. Once you intentionally touch one of your pieces (unless you clearly state that you are just adjusting its placement, by saying "adjust" or "j'adoube" …

Castling is the only legal chess move in which two pieces are moved. You can verify this by searching for "FIDE Laws of Chess" and reading "Article 3: The moves of the pieces" (I do not provide the UR …

9.1.b.1 A player wishing to offer a draw shall do so after having made a move on the chessboard and before pressing his clock. An offer at any other time during play is still valid but Article 11 …