Here's a simpler way to see why it's winning for black: You're right that the queen cannot checkmate the king by itself, but it can stalemate the king [*] (an example pointed out by Ionut Deaconu) and that's all we need here as that would force the bishop to move. Once the bishop moves it's clear that material loss is unavoidable as either the bishop [**] or the g
-pawn will drop.
[*]: Take any queen vs king situation (relevant here as the bishop cannot move and thus unable to prevent the queen from shouldering the king to a stalemated situation).
[**]: The idea here is that with a cornered king there's no way for the bishop to move to a square guarded by its king while still protecting the g6
pawn.
Below a dummy example is showcased:
[title "Stalemate the king to win, example"]
[fen "7k/5BpP/3K2P1/8/8/8/8/4q3 w - - 0 1"]
1. Kd5 Qe3 2. Kd6 Qe4 3. Kd7 Qe5 4. Kc6 Qd4 5. Kc7 Qc5+ 6. Kd7 Qb6 7. Ke7 Qc6 8. Kd8 Qd6+ 9. Kc8 (9. Ke8 Qc7 10. Kf8 {Alternatively any bishop move drops the g6 pawn. E.g., 11. Be6 Qc6+ 12. Ke7 Qe4} Qd8+ 11. Be8 Qd6+ 12. Kf7 Qf6#) Qe7 10. Kb8 Qd7 11. Ka8 Qc7 {King stalemate reached} 12. Bg8 Qc6+ 13. Kb8 Qxg6 {The win is trivial now.}
Additional clarifications in regard to the question asked by Ionut Deaconu in comments:
Why 4.Kc6? You cannot push me to the corners after 4.Be8. If you want
to try a zugzwang I can play Bf7 back.
The diagram above focused on the case where white tries to survive only by king moves (as is of particular interest to the OP). White can of course try to keep the king near the bishop on f7
and make waiting bishop moves in order to avoid their king from being cornered altogether. However, this is to no avail as the queen will first start off by disconnecting the king from the bishop and only then proceed to shouldering the king towards a corner and achieve the king-stalemate scenario. The disconnect is easily achieved by maneuvering along the dark squares to enter the 7th row and then push the king out. Illustrative variations are shown below:
[title "Variation in regard to questions in comments:"]
[fen "7k/5BpP/3K2P1/8/8/8/8/4q3 w - - 0 1"]
1. Kd7 Qe5 2. Be8 Qd5+ 3. Ke7 Qc5+ 4. Kd7 Qa7+ 5. Ke6 (5. Kd8 Qb7 6. Bf7 Qc6 7. Ke7 Qc7+ 8. Ke6 Qd8 {and we reach the wanted scenario again. For the rest see the main variation.}) (5. Kd6 Qb7 6. Bf7 Qc8 7. Ke7 Qc7+ 8. Ke6 Qd8 {Again the wanted scenario is reached, the rest is similar.}) Qc7 6. Bf7 Qd8 {The hard part, which is the disconnect, has been achieved once this scenario is reached, the rest is trivial now again as there are no more useful waiting bishop moves there to deal with. The rest of this variation may be done more optimally.} 7. Kf5 Qf6+ 8. Ke4 Qg5 9. Kd4 Qf5 10. Ke3 Qe5+ 11. Kd2 Qd4+ 12. Kc1 Qc3+ 13. Kd1 Qb2 14. Ke1 Qc2 15. Kf1 Qd2 16. Kg1 Qe2 17. Kh1 Qf2